SHANG DYNASTY
By about 1800 BC (the traditional date is 1766 BC), the Shang dynasty had become the first to unite a big part of China under one king. The king had his capital in Anyang, in northern China. People had already begun to divide up into the rich and the poor. We know that some people were slaves under the Shang Dynasty. Many men were in the king's armies.
HAN DINASTY
The Western Han period can be divided into the time of consolidation (Emperors Han Gaozu, Wendi 漢文帝, Zhaodi 漢昭帝, Jingdi 漢景帝), the zenith with the expansion into Inner Asia (Emperor Han Wudi 漢武帝) and the centralization of power, and the time of replacement of the imperial power by the mighty consort clan of the Wang 王 (emperors Yuandi 漢元帝, Chengdi 漢成帝).
Wang Mang 王莽 tried to replace the Han Dynasty but his reforms to shape an ideal Confucian government failed, and the Han Dynasty was restored as Eastern Han.
The Eastern Han, much more than Western Han, suffered under the intervention of consort clans (waiqi 外戚) and eunuch (huanguan 宦官) factions into the inner power circle of the empire. The fundaments of both of the Wang Mang and Eastern Han administration were shaken by large peasant uprisings with religious backgrounds (Red Eyebrows 赤眉, Yellow Turbans 黃巾, Five-Pecks-of-Grain Sect 五斗米道), the helm of government of Eastern Han was taken over my mighty warlords that should divide the Han empire into three "kingdoms" (Sanguo.
Wang Mang 王莽 tried to replace the Han Dynasty but his reforms to shape an ideal Confucian government failed, and the Han Dynasty was restored as Eastern Han.
The Eastern Han, much more than Western Han, suffered under the intervention of consort clans (waiqi 外戚) and eunuch (huanguan 宦官) factions into the inner power circle of the empire. The fundaments of both of the Wang Mang and Eastern Han administration were shaken by large peasant uprisings with religious backgrounds (Red Eyebrows 赤眉, Yellow Turbans 黃巾, Five-Pecks-of-Grain Sect 五斗米道), the helm of government of Eastern Han was taken over my mighty warlords that should divide the Han empire into three "kingdoms" (Sanguo.
TANG DYNASTY
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) is the second great dynasty (called Da-Tang 大唐 "Great Tang") of Chinese history that was able to unify a vast territory, to spread its culture and to absorb the cultures of surrounding states and peoples. A great part of the Tang aristocracy even was of Non-Chinese (esp. Turkic) origin, and merchants from Inner Asia dwelled the quarters of the capital Chang'an 長安 (modern Xi'an 西安/Shaanxi). Trade stretched to the South East Asian archipelago, and the religion of Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan. But at the same time, Confucianism again rose as a semi-religious instrument of state administration and won over Buddhism as a state doctrine.
SONG DYNASTY
The Song Dynasty was historically divided into two periods: the Northern Song (960-1127) when the capital was established in Dongjing (the present Kaifeng) and the Southern Song (1127-1279) when the capital was moved to Lin'an (the present Hangzhou). This division was created by nomadic invaders in North China who made breaks inward the Song court and finally overthrew the Northern Song. The Southern Song was established in the south by a regional king of the Northern Song.
QUIN DYNASTY
In 221 B.C.,Chinese were unified for the first time to construct a great country that ended the long era of disunity and warring. In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its rival state.
Centralization and autarchy were achieved by ruthless methods and focused on standardizing legal codes, bureaucratic procedures, the forms of writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship.
Centralization and autarchy were achieved by ruthless methods and focused on standardizing legal codes, bureaucratic procedures, the forms of writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship.
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